Physical Connections

0:00All right, in our last skill, we did discuss data signaling and how data might

0:04get transmitted

0:05across the wire or over wireless or whatever it is.

0:09But the point is there's multiple media types that the data can get transmitted

0:13through.

0:14Now, the other thing that comes up though is how does it get actually on that

0:18media?

0:19How does it actually get converted into digital signaling?

0:21Well, that's part of what we're going to be discussing here.

0:24So that data transmission, as I mentioned, it's going to be commonly usually on

0:28copper.

0:29That's probably one of the most frequent ones because you'll see that in what

0:31we call Ethernet

0:32networks.

0:33That's where you have a network cable, for example, that plugs into a back of a

0:36computer and leads

0:37to some other network device, usually such something like a switch or something

0:41.

0:41And then there's also optical.

0:42Normally, you don't see optical going to workstations, but you will see it very

0:47frequently

0:47up to your network equipment in a server room or into servers or a storage area

0:52network,

0:53for example, which is a very high-speed storage network.

0:57It really specializes in storage.

1:00So usually puts a bunch of hard disks in there or something like that that

1:03makes them available.

1:04Anyway, there's also wireless, which is probably what many of you are using

1:07right now to view

1:09this video.

1:10So many, many different types of media that can be used.

1:15Now, each one of these may accept a different kind of a signal.

1:19So copper, for example, is normally going to be some fluctuation in voltage to

1:22distinguish

1:23between binary bits, for example.

1:26There's also radio signals, which we don't really address a lot, although

1:31technically

1:32wireless networks like your Wi-Fi, technically that is a radio signal.

1:36So you could look at it that way.

1:37There's also microwave, which is kind of beyond our scope here for the most

1:41part, but it's

1:42also capable of transmitting digital and also infrared.

1:45And this can be even something as simple as a remote control for infrared.

1:53Still transmitting a signal there.

1:55I just happen to have it over there because my wife let me have it for the day.

1:59OK, so analog transmission.

2:01Let's take a look at that one as well.

2:03There's also a continuous signal that goes on in analog.

2:07We'll be discussing this here probably in the next slide.

2:10For example, if you're on a phone conversation like a normal land line, that

2:15land line does

2:15not come on, so to speak, only when there's sound being transmitted across the

2:21wire.

2:21It's on all the time, even if nobody's saying anything or there's not really

2:25any sound being

2:25picked up.

2:26But the way that analog transmission communicates its data is changes in

2:31amplitude.

2:32So, for example, this is kind of just an AI graphic down here, but you see, and

2:35you've

2:35probably seen before, how that when you speak, you might speak into a

2:39microphone or a sound

2:40board or something, you see the little, you know, it kind of looks like almost

2:44a heartbeat,

2:45but it's a measurement of the volume of your sound primarily or phase or the

2:50actual sounds

2:51itself.

2:52And of course, those various sounds have to get communicated in a digital

2:56format, ultimately,

2:57in order to be sent across the wire with the exception of normal telephone

3:01conversation

3:02over a, or a land line.

3:04Although to be fair, a lot of that is actually handled by ISPs, which do

3:08convert it to digital,

3:09but that's kind of the underscore, but it's a little bit of a roundabout

3:12discussion.

3:12Okay, let's take a look here at one of the types of signals you'll have.

3:16It's something we call base band signaling.

3:18Sometimes you'll also see that as a description of a low pass signal.

3:22Now, this would be a direct representation of the original.

3:26There's not really a conversion that happens.

3:28So normally when you do something like on a strictly a land line signal using

3:32something

3:33we call plain old telephone service, which is just a copper phone line, that's

3:38what's

3:39going to happen under this kind of a communication.

3:41Now again, I don't want to get into the weeds with this, but increasingly that

3:45's actually

3:46kind of going away because it just makes me think of my aunt and uncle that

3:51lived on

3:52a farm in Kansas.

3:53When I go visit them as a, as a kid, they had a land line.

3:57It was actually what we call a party line.

3:59So there might be them and several other neighbors that have access to that

4:03same land

4:04line, but that's not the point of this conversation.

4:06What I am making a point of is that was strictly copper that was strict.

4:10There was no digital conversion of any kind there.

4:13Wasn't that fancy of a system?

4:15But I mentioned there was a party line because you could be on the phone

4:18talking to somebody

4:19and one of your neighbors from a mile and a half away would pick up the phone

4:22to try

4:22to make a conversation and they'd hear somebody else is already on the line and

4:25they'd have

4:25to hang up and hopefully wait until you were done or eavesdrop on your

4:29conversation.

4:30So anyway, that can also happen.

4:32But with this kind of a conversation, it's very common with voice or audio.

4:37It could also be with images such as what you'd have with a normal television

4:42signal

4:43being transmitted over the airways, right?

4:46Not a streaming service, not who lure Netflix, but this is actually a

4:49television signal that

4:50you'd have to pick up with in antenna.

4:51Well, with that, there's no modulation or any kind of conversion or anything

4:54like that

4:55and it's strictly analog.

4:56When we say analog, by the way, that hasn't really been defined.

4:59So perhaps I should.

5:01Analog is not represented by numbers.

5:03Digital would be represented really ultimately by some version of numbers.

5:08Analog in many ways is not as precise as that because a number is an actual

5:13exact number.

5:15Analog follows this amplitude.

5:16Okay, so it's varying degrees of something that occurred.

5:20It's just represented by something that has continuing variances to change the

5:25output

5:26or the meaning of the message.

5:28So look at this another way.

5:29So I have an Apple Watch here.

5:31When it shows me the time, I can change the face of it, of course, because it's

5:34an Apple

5:35Watch and it's wonderful.

5:36But anyway, I can have it show me exact minutes and seconds.

5:40Right now it just shows an hour and minute.

5:42Oh, no, I have to show seconds when I look at it this way.

5:45Anyway, that's a digital representation of the time.

5:49But if I change it, you'll turn around so you can see it.

5:52You'd say it's 11, 13 and so many seconds.

5:54All right.

5:55Now, the other kind of a watch face you might have would be an old fashioned

5:58one, so to

5:59speak, or a very expensive one.

6:01They're either old fashioned or nowadays they're very expensive when that

6:04actually has an

6:05hour hand, physical hour hand and a physical minute hand and a physical usually

6:10second

6:11hand, okay, like on a Rolex watch, for example.

6:13So you have to pay extra for analog.

6:15Anyway, that would just be a visual representation of the time there.

6:20It's not something that's converted in a digital way at all.

6:23There's also passband modulation here.

6:27This will require some kind of a modem, which means to modulate and demodulate,

6:33okay?

6:33So it converts usually analog to digital and then digital back to analog if

6:38necessary.

6:39The other thing that might have to happen there is it might be some kind of

6:43some form

6:43of digital data that has to also be converted, okay?

6:47So anyways, the idea there is the it's modulated to transmit data bits, all

6:51right?

6:52Now another example of this kind of modulation with a modem would be something

6:57that I hope

6:58I never have to hear again, that would be the sound of an old dial up modem.

7:04Now some of you are too new in technology to know what that is.

7:07And I'm not trying to just reminisce for history's sake here, but they are

7:10still valid

7:11in certain contexts.

7:12A modem that what we used to call just a modem would have a landline plug into

7:18it,

7:18a voice phone line plug into it, and then it would convert analog to digital

7:23signals

7:24and back again as an early form of accessing the Internet is what we used to do

7:28.

7:28We used to be able to do this over copper wires and those modems would transmit

7:33that

7:34data for us, okay?

7:36So again, in this case, it's actually kind of reversed.

7:39So I might be working on let's say I'm transmitting a message of some kind of

7:41document or whatever,

7:43and I make a dial up connection with my modem and I'm going to play the sound

7:47here for you

7:47in a moment and it gets sent in my computer to my modem here, okay?

7:53So this is a digital representation.

7:54My modem then would transmit that over copper phone lines if we were at that

7:59primitive of

8:00a level copper, okay?

8:02And that would be analog, okay?

8:04So it's converged from digital to analog and then there would be a receiving

8:08modem on

8:09the on the receiving end.

8:11Maybe I'm making a connection to my workplace, for example, and that modem

8:15would then convert

8:16it back to its digital format.

8:18So it goes from digital to analog to digital.

8:21And so maybe this is a file that I'm uploading to a work server or something.

8:25Now, if you've never worked with one of these modems, fortunately, we rarely

8:29see them anymore.

8:31Usually they were capable of only something like 33 kilobits per second, 28.8

8:34kilobits

8:35per second, 56 kilobits per second, or at the maximum, usually 112 kilobits per

8:40second,

8:41and then they would also try to compress the signals to get you a little bit of

8:44extra speed

8:44there.

8:45But usually they were just pretty darn slow.

8:48I got to just tell you.

8:50We're talking about kilobits per second, whereas now most home internet

8:53connections, for example,

8:54are 200 megabits per second or a gigabit per second.

8:58We'll talk more about measurements like that later.

9:00But a megabit per second is a thousand times faster than a kilobit per second,

9:05okay?

9:06So we're much faster now than we used to be with these dial up modems.

9:09But here is what they used to sound like.

9:13Okay, so you may have heard of that sound before.

9:39That's very much like what you would hear also on a fax machine, because the

9:42fax machine

9:43does the same kind of a thing, okay?

9:45Just that these modems were used to transmit, you know, kind of a substitute or

9:50an early

9:50version of internet.

9:52So whatever you might be able to do over the internet, you might be able to do

9:54over that

9:54modem connection as well.

9:56But you could never watch Netflix over it.

9:57It'd be way too slow.

9:59And after all, that is the gold standard for how fast network is, how fast

10:03internet is

10:04as if you can watch Netflix or Hulu.

10:06Okay, there may also be a combination of all of this.

10:09So a good example of this is voiceover IP, which is prevalent in most corporate

10:12networks

10:13right now, and even in government offices as well.

10:16Most organizations of any size have switched to voice over IP.

10:21So it used to be that again, like at my aunt and uncle's house, they would have

10:24a phone

10:25with a little dialer here.

10:26Although actually it was just one of those, actually, that's not a very good

10:29picture,

10:30but it was one of those circular dialers, you know, would actually be a circle

10:34that

10:34you would spin around.

10:36It would get transmitted over telephone wires, all in analog to whoever the

10:40recipient would.

10:41Okay, on their phone, on their end, again, the dialer would be kind of looking

10:46at this

10:46right now.

10:47You probably understand why I actually flunked art class in kindergarten who fl

10:52unks that.

10:53Okay, anyway, nowadays it starts as analog.

10:57And you'll see this in the video down below from from a wallow.

11:00Now we have much more modern phones like there's your handset right there with

11:03a little keypad

11:04over here, you little push little buttons on tape, but your voice is actually

11:10analog,

11:11right?

11:12My voice right now, as I'm speaking, is analog.

11:14It's just an amplitude of volume and tone and so on.

11:18But these phones nowadays internally will convert that from, I should put it

11:22this way,

11:23analog to digital, okay, inside the phone.

11:27I do want to point out a small point of discrepancy here.

11:31If you have the, I sack of materials for this particular course, networking

11:36fundamentals,

11:37networks and infrastructure.

11:39You'll see figure one point one six, I believe it is, where it shows that the

11:43phone does

11:44not actually convert it from analog to digital.

11:46They show it going into a router, which does that.

11:50No router ever does that.

11:51I've never seen a router that converts from analog to digital.

11:55That's not its job.

11:56Okay.

11:57It only handles digital data.

11:58So anyway, it gets converted.

11:59And this is at least true of Cisco networks, Cisco devices like Cisco phones.

12:04I'm pretty sure it's true of all of them.

12:07But it gets converted to digital and then sent to the router.

12:10So it gets converted in the handset, not at the router.

12:14And that's where it's got its digital information encapsulated into IP packets.

12:19That's why it came to work across the internet.

12:22And also many of these conversions, as I mentioned earlier, will also implement

12:26compression,

12:27which just saves on internet bandwidth.

0:00Alright, now the things I'm going to show you on this particular slider

0:02probably more than you need to know for the networks and infrastructure exam

0:07Nevertheless, it's pretty essential information. I'm kind of surprised they

0:11didn't include this

0:11So I'm just gonna go ahead and do it here because I think it'll round out your

0:14knowledge a little bit better

0:16So first of all, let's take a look at the network cables

0:19The most common kind of cable you're gonna have is normally gonna be what we

0:22would normally call an ethernet cable a short cable that connects say

0:26Oh a computer to a switch or something like that. Now a lot of times

0:31We'll just call that a drop cable. So sometimes it'll just be called that

0:34But anyway, let's take a look first of all at the transmission speeds that will

0:38be involved depending upon the kind of cable you're using

0:40So when we say speed, what do we mean by that?

0:43Well, sometimes you'll hear that referred to as a data transfer rate or just

0:46generally a speed or bandwidth now

0:49Yes, there are kind of hair splitting differences between all of those as if I

0:53have any hairs to split

0:55But we'll all can kind of consider those synonymous for our current purposes,

0:59okay

0:59So anyway, how do we determine what the data transfer rate is?

1:04Well, that revolves around something called megahertz. So let's take a look at

1:08this. You see this

1:09It looks just like you know a bunch of waves, right?

1:13Well, this all happens within a finite period of time

1:17So normally when we are talking about computing this would be one second from

1:21beginning to end

1:22Okay, so in one second whatever I drew here would be one two three four five

1:26six seven

1:27It peaked seven times. So that would be I guess seven hertz. All right now a

1:32mega means a million

1:34So this would mean if I had something that was one megahertz in its frequency

1:39that would be one million times

1:41per second 10 megahertz would be 10 million times per second and so forth and

1:47the reason why by the way that

1:48This is all a fact. Let me draw in our megahertz again here our hurts

1:52Is that the the more hurts that you can the more cycles that is you can squeeze

1:59into a second

2:00The faster it's gonna be because each one of these represents an opportunity to

2:04communicate

2:05You know a lot of times it can communicate on only maybe the rising of the

2:09Hurts depending upon the network equipment you're using or more commonly

2:12nowadays you'll have rising and falling

2:14So the top and the bottom of the cycle it'll be able to communicate on which

2:18will of course be double

2:19The capabilities other things that will add to this are things like compression

2:24So you can squeeze more data into a given second giving it given the amount of

2:29megahertz that are available

2:30So in terms of bandwidth a lot of times you'll hear megabits per second. What

2:34is that about well?

2:34A lot of times you'll heal that for example here that for example in a home

2:38network

2:39So my home network, let me just show you I'm just gonna go to fast.com which

2:43actually I think

2:44Netflix puts this together. There's just a quick and easy way to test your

2:48internet speed that way

2:50You know you can watch Netflix or not. Okay, you never want to try this on a

2:53dial up modem like we talked about in our last video

2:55But anyway, this is what it is

2:57290 megabits per second notice the lower case be there that is significant. It

3:02's not just the preference of capitalization there

3:05And you know a lot of homes are you know 100 megabits per second we could call

3:09that broadband as well anything that we would consider a fast

3:12Connection they're varying thresholds for that but in my view anything that's a

3:1610 megabits per second or faster is probably you could consider that somewhat

3:20broadband or a relatively fast connection

3:23You go to most coffee shops a lot of airports

3:26Hotels things like that you're you know usually see somewhere between five and

3:31ten

3:31One of the places I go for breakfast has a very fast connection. It's like 500

3:36megabits per second

3:37That's really fast faster than I can get here

3:40Corporations you're probably gonna see gigabits per second. They'll pay more

3:44for that

3:44Of course a lot of this probably coming in because of fiber which is outside of

3:48our current discussion

3:49But fiber is is

3:51significantly more capable, but also more expensive than what you'll see over

3:55copper. Oh, anyway

3:58I've tracked a little bit there, but that's megabits per second

4:01I said before a lot of corporations will be gigabits per second

4:05So a gigabit per second is a thousand times a megabit per second

4:11Okay, so that's a thousand times a megabit per second and as I mentioned

4:15earlier

4:16You don't want to confuse mega bits per second with mega bytes per second

4:21Okay mega bits is reference to the speed capabilities mega bytes is

4:26More used in terms of storage like how fast a dry how much data a drive can

4:32write or read from at a given time

4:34Like a hard drive for example that might be measured in mega bytes per second,

4:38right?

4:39It's a different measurement, but they sound similar and they're spelled

4:42similar

4:42It's just the difference is this mega bits and mega bytes and the capital

4:46ization there

4:47Similarly the same is true with a gigabits per second again

4:50These are for networks and these are usually for other things such as the total

4:55storage

4:56Performance capabilities that you'll see with various devices oversimplified

5:01for now

5:01But that that's the main point there. Okay, so for networking it's gonna be the

5:04lower case B in both cases

5:06The actual throughput is usually slower than the rating so for example going

5:10back to my speed test

5:12I shouldn't have closed that open it up again here. I'm paying in my case

5:17I'm getting 290 megabits per second there 300 okay. I'm paying for 250 megabits

5:23per second

5:24So I'm kind of getting bonus speed out of Cox C O X my

5:29Internet service provider they kind of generous that way I usually get really

5:32good connections up to a point

5:34I actually at one point paid for one gigabit per second or you know gigabit E

5:39sometimes we'll call that as well

5:40Internally here anyway, I paid for that, but it would never get faster than 300

5:45megabits per second anyway

5:47Sometimes it might be able to get up to 500

5:49But we're usually not and 300 megabits is plenty fast for me and for what I'm

5:53doing

5:53so I just cheaped out and

5:55Back down my plan to the 250 megabits per second and I get a little bit of

6:00bonus speed out of it

6:01Okay, so anyway the fruit put is often slower than the actual rating, but in my

6:06case, it's actually a little bit faster

6:07So that's a little bonus there now. There's something called unshielded twisted

6:12pair. What's that about?

6:13Well, you'll see some cables here coming up

6:15Where there's a twisted pair of wires actually let me kind of get a free

6:18preview there real quick

6:20So you'll see some twisted pair cabling that you see right here. Okay, it's one

6:25pair

6:25That's wound around in twists and then another pair rounded around in twists

6:29another pair round and round in twists

6:30Huh, you know, I just realized something funny about this diagram. They are

6:34totally missing one complete color

6:35They're missing brown white brown. I don't know why they're doing that that way

6:39, but anyway, they missed it

6:40So anyway, there's another example over here real again see twisted pair c

6:45abling

6:45But anyway unshielded twisted pair this means it does not have extra protection

6:49will return to that here in a moment

6:51Okay, and it's the most common that you'll see very likely if you have an ether

6:54net connection to your

6:55computer, it's gonna be unshielded twisted pair if you have a switch in your

6:59home network

7:00Maybe that's integrated with your cable modem for example from your ISP very

7:05likely using unshielded twisted pair there

7:07unshielded twisted pair is cheaper than shielded twisted pair or STP which

7:13again will cover later

7:14Anyway, that's very often used for a UTP category. This is another reference

7:18term

7:18Cat five is usually what we call it. We don't usually say category. We say cat

7:22five cat five e cat six cat six

7:25Say so cat five is capable of up to a hundred megabits per second and remember

7:30we talked about the hurts, okay

7:32It uses a hundred megahertz per second in order to achieve that speed now

7:37The fact that both of these are hundred is purely coincidental

7:40There's not a direct correlation to from one to the other okay

7:44Is you'll see right here with cat five e which is what I have in most of my

7:48home because I built my home 20 years ago and I

7:50Snuck in at night and evaded the security guard

7:55and for the neighborhood and

7:57Strung my own cat 5e throughout my house

8:00So I have ethernet jacks and most of most portions of my house anyway cat 5e is

8:04also capable of a hundred megabytes per second at

8:07100 megahertz, but it has an expanded capability that goes up to 1 gigabit per

8:12second at

8:12350 megahertz per second so cat 5e is obviously got a higher capability much

8:18higher

8:19Cat six or six a is also capable of a thousand megabits per second by the way a

8:25thousand megabits per second and

8:27One gigabit per second for the same thing okay

8:30Because a thousand megabits per second is one gigabit per second

8:34It's a thousand times faster when you get into gigabits right anyway

8:38That's at 250 megahertz and again because they figured out a way to cram more

8:42Cycles within a given second they can stuff more data in that wire in that

8:47transmission

8:4910 gigabits per second again

8:51That's now going to be 10 times faster than a thousand megabits per second or

8:56gigabit per second and that they were able to squeeze in

8:59500 megahertz okay, and this standards are continuing to improve and give

9:04higher speeds

9:05Do keep in mind that just because you have a cable. It's capable of let's say a

9:10gigabit E

9:10Let's say you're using cat 5e just because you have this does not mean you're

9:15getting that speed

9:16You may have switches in your network that are only capable of a hundred megab

9:21its per second

9:22So you're gonna be throttled down to a hundred megabits per second even though

9:25your cable is potentially fast

9:27Likewise you might have gigabit E switches which is a thousand or one gigabit

9:32per second speed

9:33But your cable might be cat 5 cable and it's only capable of 100 megabits per

9:38second so everything from

9:40A to Z

9:42Throughout your data path there has to support the same speed in order to get

9:47the fastest

9:48Pass us one otherwise they usually default down to whichever device is the slow

9:55est all right

9:55Our next nugget will take a look at more specifically at the cable

0:00Alright, so now let's further address twisted pair cabling.

0:03There's a couple of different types of twisted pair cabling, unshielded twisted

0:07pair or UTP

0:08or shielded twisted pair as you can see here, which is STP.

0:12And the basic idea here with twisted pair cabling in general is that it

0:16provides less

0:17attenuation.

0:18See, every time let me go to the diagram here.

0:20Again, there's a fallacy with this diagram because they're missing a whole

0:23twisted pair

0:24here.

0:25It should be brown, white, brown that's missing there.

0:26It should look exactly like that.

0:28The only difference will be the shielding here, which I'll discuss again here

0:31in a moment.

0:32But regardless, notice that these twist around each other.

0:34You know like how a bread twist?

0:36How you twist on that on the bread and keep it fresh?

0:39Well, this won't keep your bread fresh, but what it will do is keep your

0:43network in good

0:43shape.

0:44So you buy the cable where it's been manufactured in such a way that all of

0:48these are twisted

0:49and there's so many twists per inch.

0:52And as this cabling has advanced over the years, they've gotten more twists per

0:57inch,

0:57which provides better protection against cross talk and attenuation.

1:02The cross talk is where you'll have this cable may lie alongside of other

1:08cables or close

1:09to electromagnetic fields or other things that could interfere with the signal

1:15going

1:15across the cable here.

1:17Well, by twisting it like this, the more twists you have in it, the more

1:21resistant it is to

1:23that type of interference.

1:24So that is why the twisted pair is there to avoid cross talk and interference.

1:30Now unshielded twisted pair.

1:31I think I mentioned this before is probably the most common form of ethernet

1:34that you're

1:35going to see right now.

1:36I do want to point out, I'm not going to really delve into this much, but in

1:41the eye

1:41triple, excuse me, in the isaka materials here, you'll see reference to 802.3,

1:47IEEE

1:47802.3 standards and anything that starts with 10 base.

1:54Those mostly refer to coax cabling, which is the same look.

1:59It looks the same.

2:00It's not exactly the same, but it looks a lot like the cable that comes into

2:02your house

2:02that you plug in your television.

2:04Okay.

2:05That's really old.

2:06I still don't know why isaka is insisting on including that kind of information

2:10.

2:10I would say you don't need to memorize any of that.

2:12If you want to just skip that part, you'll be fine.

2:15I don't think you're going to run into that anywhere.

2:17I haven't seen it in 15 or 20 years.

2:20So again, you know, a little bit of a history lesson from I sack on that one.

2:24But regardless again, here you're normally going to see unshielded twisted pair

2:27.

2:27It's relatively inexpensive, which is another reason why we use it.

2:32It's got a maximum length of 100 meters, which is also known as 328 feet.

2:37Okay.

2:38So the other kind of cable that you might run into and we're not really

2:41addressing cat

2:43five cat five, he cat six cat.

2:45There's also a cat three, which is one of the earlier implementations.

2:48And there's also a cat seven, we're not really addressing that particularly.

2:52And that's address of the capabilities of those cables.

2:55Really mostly addressing kind of the physical cable right here.

2:59There's also shielded twisted pair or STP as I mentioned earlier.

3:02This is less common.

3:04And one of the reasons for that is because it's also more expensive.

3:06Now what you can see with this, and let me go back to the diagram from this

3:10article.

3:10This is from tech target, which is normally they have really good materials

3:14except for

3:15this graphic, which is missing a posted pair.

3:17Like one thing that this does get spot on is that with a shielded twisted pair

3:23and an

3:23unshielded twisted pair, they both have this outer jock or outer jacket in

3:28common.

3:28Okay.

3:29And they will have the twisted pair cabling themselves, which also have a thin

3:34plastic

3:35layer of insulation around each one of them.

3:38But the shielded twisted pair will also include an outer shield, which is

3:42usually like a foil

3:44type of a material and an, an a pair shield.

3:47So each one of these pairs will also have a shield around it.

3:51And again, that's going to be kind of like a oil material.

3:53In fact, let's just look for it.

3:54We go into images here.

3:55I think we might see some, some better pictures here.

3:58Okay.

3:59So, oh, look, there's that article I was just talking about.

4:01Okay.

4:02Anyway, so you can see over here above my head, it's kind of hard to see down

4:04here at the

4:05bottom.

4:06There is a, there is a jacket that goes around all of the twisted pairs.

4:09And then each one of the twisted pairs will have its own dedicated shield as

4:14well, which

4:15again, it's much like a kind of an aluminum foil type of material.

4:19Now, let's get to the point of why we would use that.

4:22Okay.

4:23Since it's more expensive, you don't want to just use it everywhere.

4:24You're going to use it where it makes sense.

4:26It's going to protect against things like environmental factors.

4:30So electromagnetic interference, there might be factory floor equipment.

4:35Maybe there's a, a centrifuge somewhere that's spinning up a lot of EMI.

4:40A lot of that heavy duty factory equipment has a pretty strong electromagnetic

4:44field to

4:45it.

4:46Also, it could be running alongside cable or possibly too close to other kinds

4:50of electrical

4:51cables, other kinds of communication cables, high power cables, even ballots up

4:56like in

4:56the fluorescent lights above your head.

4:58There are ballots there that if you run unshielded twisted pair too close to it

5:02, it'll start

5:03to get interference.

5:04So you'd probably want to put shielded twisted pair in that kind of a context.

5:09This also does require grounding.

5:11Let me go back to that, I'm going to enter in RJ45 here as well as a search

5:16term.

5:16And hopefully we'll get a good picture here.

5:18Oh yeah, here's, here's one here.

5:19I think it'll work out.

5:20All right.

5:21So we take a look at this article from Platinum Tools and I, oh, they want me

5:24to print their

5:25article.

5:26I don't know.

5:27Thank you.

5:28Anyway, you might be able to see here that this plug, okay, normally they're

5:32just clear

5:33plastic.

5:34This one is metallic.

5:35It's got metal on the outside and these are going to be grounded.

5:39Okay.

5:40So they're characteristic of that type of shield.

5:43No, I don't want to subscribe.

5:44Thank you.

5:45And then this article here does talk a little bit more about that as well.

5:48If you want to look further into that, I will again link that down below for

5:52your reference.

5:53Now here, this is just a photo I took of some cable I was doing that long ago

5:56myself.

5:57So I thought, you know, I'm probably gonna have to teach this someday.

5:59So I thought I'd just snap a picture of it.

6:01This is the cable.

6:02This is unshielded twisted pair.

6:04And you can see there's no metal in the plug right here.

6:07By the way, it's not to scale.

6:12It's not as, you know, that much bigger than my head.

6:17Either that or my head is ginormous, which maybe that is the case.

6:21Anyway, you've probably seen these before.

6:23One might be in the back of your computer right now.

6:25This one's not shielded.

6:26So there's no metal on it.

6:27There's no foil down here as well in the insulators.

6:31And what happens here is you use a special tool, actually I have one over there

6:34.

6:35Let me show you.

6:36Within a cable.

6:37This is what I just now assemble.

6:38I haven't finished it yet.

6:39What I have to do yet is I still have to crimp this cable.

6:42There's a special tool you'll use.

6:44And what it does is it takes these metallic parts right here, which are kind of

6:49in blades.

6:50And they have teeth in them that bite down into the cable and make contact

6:55piercing this

6:56outer shell, this outer insulation right here.

7:00This, what I'm showing you here is a little bit more of a modern kind of a plug

7:03.

7:04It used to be that they would terminate right at the very end.

7:06I can't see that very well.

7:08It would terminate at the end of the plug and it made it a little bit more

7:11difficult to

7:12align these up.

7:13By the way, sometimes you have to have the dexterity of one of Santa's elves to

7:17be able

7:17to get all these lined up just right because you have to untwist them and stick

7:21them in

7:21there and just the right order and stuff like that.

7:23But anyway, now what I'll do is I'll take this crimper tool, which by the way

7:25also has

7:26the wiring diagram on it off.

7:27You can see the colors there on the very end of that.

7:30Just for a quick reference, if you need to look at it, you can.

7:34Anyway, I'll take all of that and put it into this little crimper right here

7:37and then just

7:38squeeze down real hard.

7:39Can't show that on camera because my shoulder, sorry, it's just having a hard

7:42time with this.

7:43And there's also a blade inside of there, which will then trim off those excess

7:49ends.

7:49Remember they were sticking out of the end earlier?

7:51Well, now they've been trimmed off by this crimper tool.

7:55So there you have it.

7:56When you're done, it should look something like what you see here.

7:59Exactly because these are in a specific order, which again, I'll address later

8:03on.

8:03Okay.

8:04So anyway, this end that we see right here, this is known as an RJ45 registered

8:08Jack 45.

8:10If you have copper telephone lines, that would be about half this size.

8:14And it would only use four wires instead of eight.

8:17Here we have eight wires total.

8:18RJ 11, which uses four wires is used for copper telephones.

8:23Anyway, this is what you'll see there in networking and the scheme can be

8:27something

8:27you'll see is five 68 a five six D eight B or there's also an abbreviation for

8:32this.

8:33You might also see it T five 68.

8:35I just usually call it five 68 eight or be anyway, you'll see that again in

8:39articles

8:39I'll reference to you.

8:41But the main thing you want to do is you have to have the same layout,

8:44whichever one you're

8:45using, both of these are slightly different.

8:47You have to have the same layout on both ends.

8:51Okay.

8:52Now, a lot of government offices in the United States government require this

8:55in cabling the

8:56five 68 a.

8:57It's actually a little bit of an older standard.

8:59I triply replaced that for the most part with five 68 B.

9:03Gosh, I think it was in the nineties.

9:05So it's been a while, but after all, it's the US government.

9:08They don't change very fast.

9:11But for standardization, you should have across an organization the same wiring

9:16standard.

9:17You don't want to have, you know, one part of your network that uses a and then

9:20the other

9:21part that uses B because the order of these cables is different in each one of

9:25those,

9:25which again, I'll show you.

9:26And regardless, I'll give that a moment, but you also have one which will

9:31connect into

9:32usually some kind of a device, maybe a computer.

9:34And the other end, which could connect into a hub, which we'll talk about later

9:37on, there's

9:38kind of antiquated now.

9:39I don't even know if you can buy them anymore, but you might see some really

9:42old networks.

9:43Switch is probably the most common.

9:45And then it can also plug into a router.

9:49There's also a crossover cable, which I'll talk about here in just a moment.

9:52So first, let me talk to you about this wiring difference between T568A versus

9:58T568B.

10:00Okay.

10:01Here is the order in this article.

10:02Again, I'll link this down below.

10:04Fluke networks is very well known for making good network equipment.

10:08It's a network test equipment.

10:10They make things like this cripper that I was showing you earlier.

10:13This isn't one of theirs, but very similar to that.

10:15And all kinds of good stuff.

10:17So very well known in this space.

10:19Anyway, 568A, as I was mentioning earlier, and then 568B, which is where I

10:25normally use,

10:26in which a lot of commercial organizations use.

10:29And you just kind of memorize the order of this.

10:31I could just do it without even looking.

10:33You can see from pin one up at the top, it's orange, white, orange, green,

10:37white, blue,

10:37blue, white, green, brown, white, brown.

10:39Okay.

10:40We just kind of becomes a mantra.

10:41Everybody that works with networking just kind of knows that.

10:44The difference, if you want a quick mnemonic for this, besides memorizing that

10:48order, is

10:49that 568A just simply switches the green cables and the orange cables.

10:55Okay.

10:56That's the only difference.

10:57If you look at it and study that, you'll see that.

10:59Okay.

11:00It just switches those orders.

11:01Now there is also a crossover cable.

11:03Let me talk to you about that.

11:04A crossover cable for conventional ethernet networks will use 5T 568A on one

11:10end and 568B

11:11on the other end.

11:12Now, what is a crossover cable?

11:14Why would we want to use it?

11:15Well, first of all, we don't use it very often anymore.

11:18It's kind of becoming a little bit more antiquated.

11:20But the main point of it is that if you connect two devices, for example,

11:25without a switch

11:26in between, then the transmit and receive pins or transmit and receive cables

11:32will be

11:32in the wrong place.

11:33So if I have just, let's just say it's a PC here and a PC here and we didn't

11:38have a

11:38hub or a switch or any kind of network equipment.

11:41We just wanted to run a network cable between the ethernet jacks on both of

11:45these computers.

11:46One would have to be 568A and the other would have to be 568B because otherwise

11:53, the send

11:54and receive signals would get mixed up and they wouldn't be able to transmit

11:58any data

11:59properly.

12:01You can also use it to connect switches to one another.

12:03So if you have a switch right here with all of its little ports on it, I was

12:07put three

12:08in there because I don't want to draw a bunch.

12:10And then you had another switch here that you wanted to connect also to one to

12:15another,

12:15then you could connect a crossover cable right here.

12:20And then this would effectively be a single network, at least initially.

12:24There's other things you can do to break that up, like something called VLANs,

12:27which we

12:28don't discuss quite yet.

12:29But essentially, I've now created a single network out of these two switches by

12:33connecting

12:34them together, using a crossover cable.

12:37Reason why I said that's kind of become a little bit older is because most

12:41modern switches

12:41can auto sense.

12:43So I could connect a conventional cable that let's say was 568B on both sides

12:49and the switch

12:50will say, oh, hey, this cable has this coming out of the send and this coming

12:53out of the

12:54receive and it will automatically be able to adjust itself electronically

12:59internally

13:00in those switches.

13:01So for that reason, I really wouldn't need a crossover cable.

13:05But like I said, you might use it to connect two computers or devices together

13:08without

13:09a switch or hub or if you want to connect two hubs together, something like

13:13that.

13:13And even the crossover argument that I was making here, that's kind of getting

13:16older

13:16as well because we have lots of other ways to transmit stuff now.

13:20First of all, most everybody's on Wi-Fi where this is not an issue at all.

13:23You know, use cabling for that, at least not for the host at the host level.

13:27And even barring that, you know, if you had two laptops, for example, you

13:32probably are

13:32going to use Wi-Fi there or you can even use Bluetooth.

13:36There's ways to create kind of a personal area network or a pan between two

13:40devices for

13:41temporary purposes that transfer a file or send something.

13:45And again, you wouldn't even need a crossover cable for that.

13:48One other thing I have to bring up and I don't mean to bag on isaka, but if you

13:53're looking

13:53at their materials, you'll see figure 1.21 and it says 568-b standard and then

14:00it will

14:01say TIA, EIA, that's really the full acronym there.

14:05We just don't usually use it.

14:06We usually just say T.

14:07568-b crossover cable and then it has a totally different pin out than what I

14:13just described.

14:14Okay, because I had 568-a on one side and 568-b on the other side.

14:20So on the left here, that is a 568-b.

14:24On the right here, that's not 568-a.

14:27So what in the world is this?

14:28Well, that's what we call a four pair crossover for gigabit, but they don't

14:32specify that anywhere

14:34in that diagram or in the text above or below it.

14:36Okay, so that's a little more of an unusual or a different kind of a crossover

14:41cable for

14:41which there's no explanation in their materials.

14:44So I point that out because once again, you don't need to memorize that pin out

14:48, even

14:49though it's in the book, you don't need to memorize it.

14:51And even if it's not on the exam, I would memorize the pin out for 568-a and 5

14:5568, as

14:56much as anything because you're going to be using it.

14:58You won't be in IT for very long before you'll have to put some cables together

15:03or identify

15:04what kind of cable you have and so forth.

15:06And then finally here, I'm going to address plenum-rated cable.

15:09So unshielded twist-appeared jacket is normally PVC plastic, which in a fire is

15:15very bad.

15:16It has toxic emissions in a fire.

15:18And plenum areas are very often in the ceiling and they are usually above the

15:24sprinkler system.

15:25So if you have a drop ceiling, you'll probably have some sprinkler heads

15:28popping out of there,

15:29and then some of them are up and there also above the sprinklers will be your

15:32plenum-rated

15:33cable up above.

15:35Plenum-rated is non-toxic in fire.

15:39So that's why it's going to be better up there because again, you have to pay a

15:42lecture

15:43for it, but it's just safer.

15:45It might be tough-lawn material or a very low-smoke type of material.

0:00Alright, so we're called from our last nugget that we took a look at twisted

0:03pair cabling.

0:04Alright, remember it's got a distance limitation usually of 100 meters.

0:10And the other part of that is that it's susceptible to electromagnetic

0:14interference, machinery,

0:16anything that creates an electromagnetic signal, light ballasts, you know, all

0:22kinds of things

0:23like this.

0:24However, when it comes to fiber optic cable, we have some characteristics that

0:28are much

0:29more advantageous there and then overcome a lot of the limitations of copper.

0:33The only problem is it's more expensive.

0:35Okay, everything costs money, right?

0:37But it is not susceptible at all to electromagnetic interference.

0:41It's just light.

0:43Light and electromagnetic interference don't really, I don't know, exist on the

0:47same spectrum,

0:48so to speak.

0:49I can't really interfere with one another.

0:50Probably oversimplified, but you get the idea there.

0:52Now, the signals there will be transmitted digitally.

0:56It's very literally digitally and it's not something that gets converted from

0:59analog to

1:00digital or something like that.

1:02Purely digital and the signals travel at two thirds, the speed of light.

1:06So the speed of light is a hundred eighty six, no, hundred eighty seven

1:10thousand miles

1:11per second.

1:12So whatever two thirds of that is, let me look it up.

1:15Oh, fiber optic cable travels at a speed of around 124,000 to 144,000 miles per

1:23second.

1:24So that's, yeah, that's probably around somewhere around two thirds of the

1:27speed of light.

1:28A lot of different reasons for that.

1:30The light is traveling through some kind of a medium.

1:33It's not unimpeded light that travels in a vacuum.

1:36So that's why it's two thirds of the speed of light instead of actual speed of

1:40light.

1:40The core is plastic or glass.

1:43Now when you take a look at this, the fiber optic itself is measured in terms

1:48of microns,

1:49which is a millionth of a meter.

1:52That's really not visible.

1:53The reason why you can see, I just, this is just a graphic you see up here.

1:57But the reason why actually you see the fiber optic there is because it's

2:01actually enclosed

2:02inside of a plastic cladding or a plastic kind of a jacket that gives us the

2:08ability

2:08to handle it and to manage it and stuff like that and bend it.

2:13But it is, as you can imagine, also more fragile, especially if you're using

2:18the glass core

2:19there.

2:20So you do have to be more careful with it.

2:21It's also difficult to splice or to tap and it's more expensive than unshielded

2:28twisted

2:28pair.

2:29This also causes some problems, which is not really related to fiber optic on

2:33its own,

2:34but it just so happens that as you look at a map of the world, we have a big

2:39body of

2:39water right here, don't we, he called the Atlantic Ocean.

2:42Well, we have to have internet that goes back and forth between, say, Europe or

2:47the Middle

2:47East or India and America, let's say in this case, how does that happen?

2:53Well, we have things like satellites and things like this, but there's also

2:57undersea

2:57cables that transit between America and Europe.

3:02And I thought I'd just actually go ahead and Google this.

3:05Okay, so there's this submarine cable map.

3:08And I don't know that all of these are fiber optic particularly, but many of

3:12them will

3:13be.

3:14You can see here that there is a lot of cabling going back and forth across and

3:19do also notice

3:21this whole all of these cables down through here up through North Africa.

3:25And as we zoom in here, you see a lot of really tight concentrations of cables

3:29there.

3:30Well, the time of this recording, there is an awful lot of conflict in the

3:33Middle East.

3:35And some of these are getting vandalized right now.

3:37We don't know who's doing it or what's going on, but some of these are getting

3:41cut and they're

3:42extremely difficult, as we mentioned earlier, to splice, repair, replace.

3:47And I'm sure also very, very expensive.

3:50Some of these should identify as fiber optic.

3:52Let me see if I hover over.

3:53I can't seem to put my pointer on exactly one.

3:56I just saw one not long ago.

3:58But anyway, anyway, that's kind of what's going on right now in terms of under

4:02sea cable.

4:02And you can see how significant that is in terms of keeping the whole world

4:06connected

4:07here.

4:08Now, I don't think you'll need to know these specific items for exam purposes,

4:11but just

4:11so you know, there's a couple of different types.

4:13Actually there's several different types, but a couple of major types would be

4:16a single

4:16mode cable.

4:18This would be very useful for things like internet backbones.

4:22So from your ISP has very likely gotten, you know, many different single mode

4:26cable backbones

4:27through different parts of his service area.

4:29It can also be used for phone systems, television, things like this.

4:32So, for example, Verizon, which I think is the largest cellular provider in the

4:36United

4:37States.

4:38They are offering something called Fios, it's F-I-O-S Fios, and it's fiber

4:44optic internet.

4:45I'm assuming that that's probably going to be using this single mode kind of

4:49cable.

4:50It's supposed to get really super high speed internet and it's not available in

4:54my area.

4:55So, so I'm kind of bitter about that.

4:57But anyway, it's a single signal, well, that's a tongue twister, single signal

5:02that's generated

5:03by a laser, right?

5:06The speed capabilities are between one gigabit per second and 10 gigabits per

5:09second.

5:10Now, these numbers are kind of common bandwidth capabilities.

5:15I'm sure there are ways to get it to go faster or there are other standards

5:18maybe that are

5:19new that are going faster as well.

5:21But that's kind of generally what you'll run into.

5:24And it's 8.3 to 10 microns.

5:26Remember, a micron is a millionth of a meter.

5:30So I don't even know if that would be visible.

5:32I don't think that would even be visible to the naked eye, so to speak.

5:36But again, you can see it because it's inside of that plastic cladding usually

5:40and that

5:41illuminates because of the illumination on the actual fiber itself.

5:45The distance I've seen all different kinds of distances in terms of its maximum

5:50capabilities,

5:51probably has a lot of different factors involved.

5:54But the distance is going to be in terms of kilometers, not in meters in most

5:58cases.

5:59If you refer to the isaka materials, which are actually pretty good on this

6:03topic of

6:03fiber, you'll see that some of the standards here, 100 base FX, 100 base X and

6:08100 base

6:09LX, which are all different portions of the 802.3 standards for fiber, they're

6:15usually

6:16going to be pointing to one that's 512 meters, 500 meters, 550 meters, that is,

6:21you know,

6:223 kilometers, 10 kilometers and so on.

6:24I did see one that was capable of 1000 kilometers, but it's not in the isaka

6:29materials.

6:30So I'm assuming that's the kind of cable that would probably be used under seat

6:33, but I don't

6:34know that for a fact, but you would imagine.

6:36There's also multi mode, whoops, I dropped my pen, there it is, multi mode.

6:41This is going to have a larger size core, and it will jump to the end here.

6:44It's still 50 to 100 microns, still really tiny, but a larger core.

6:50And it can have multiple signals that are generated, not by laser in this case,

6:53but by

6:53LED.

6:55So a single larger core can have multiple different signals in that one core.

7:01You'll often see this in server rooms or maybe between campus buildings.

7:05This is not going to be usually in terms of kilometers, but you actually go to

7:09the end

7:10here again, 550 meters is the length that we can see for that.

7:14And it gives us about 10 gigabits per second.

0:00All right, now let's take a look at certain types of connectors that you can

0:04use in fiber optic cables

0:05now it's gonna connect to fiber optic

0:09switches and fiber optic network equipment

0:13But on the local side you'll have something possibly like this as well here

0:17Let me zoom in actually had this device for a few years now

0:21But it's a network card it looks like transparent because it's green and I use

0:24green screen recording

0:26So ignore the fact that it looks kind of transparent there

0:29But anyway

0:31This is a network card and you can see here that it's got room for the

0:36connector that would go inside of there

0:39And we'll get to the tips that we use the connectors that we use a little bit

0:42later on

0:42But inside of that you can see there's room for two connectors that would be an

0:46SC connector

0:47That would actually be duplex SC connector because you can see you can put two

0:51in there another news

0:53Looks like you need a manicure. Okay, so let's take a look at the various types

0:57of connectors

0:58There is a first of all an ST or straight clip type. Oh, there's my network

1:02card behind me

1:03I'll move that up. That's a better view the connectors there anyway, but

1:07With the ST connector that would be a twist and a lock

1:10Sometimes people use a mnemonic for that to remember it stick and twist ST

1:16stick and twist because what you do is you twist and lock those

1:19You don't pop and lock like you break dancing, but you do twist and lock and

1:23hopefully it's every bit as entertaining

1:24This is very popular and very easy to use very commonly used in

1:28LAN networks and let me show you a picture of some of those here's one right

1:33here

1:33I just kind of googled for this article

1:35But you can see here that what you would do is you would stick this in okay

1:39that the micron measured

1:41Pybroftic cable remember is in here

1:44But it's got a plastic cladding that goes around it and then it has a twist

1:48lock

1:49So on the receiving end is gonna be a little post that when you twist this it

1:53locks into this little final notch that you see

1:56Right here, and that's how that connection is made now

2:00There's also an SC connector which is also known as a subscriber connector or

2:05square connector

2:06And for this we would say it's a stick and click okay, so

2:11You don't twist it or anything you just put it into place and you press put a

2:14little pressure on it

2:15And you'll actually feel it click into place

2:17Some of these are held in just by a little notch and and by pressure

2:21And so if you want to remove it you just pull it out a carefully pull it out

2:25But otherwise you'll get that confirming a little click some of them will also

2:28be latched and with those you'd have to press

2:31Down on a little latch in order to be able to release it this can be used in

2:35single or multi-mode and then moving on

2:38We would also have a loosened connector or an LC connector. I don't have an m

2:43ama mnemonic for that one

2:44I don't think they're around anymore

2:46But loosened used to be an early telecommunications provider and they used to

2:50be pretty big

2:51There's also a term a local connector

2:53What you'll also sometimes associate with this and it's a mini form factor and

2:57it's used with fiber channel adapters

2:59Sand networks and gigabit e network adapters and I can reference this article

3:04for you here as well

3:05But they have a pretty decent

3:07Little photo here of the various types. There's the LC connector that we were

3:11just talking about the loosened style connector

3:13Then there's the ST connector

3:15We talked about earlier remember stick and twist and then this one right here

3:18stick and click

3:20I don't know if you can see it

3:21But I said you can feel a click on it right in here

3:24There's a little bit of an indentation right there where it would kind of click

3:28into place the loosened connectors

3:30This is one that you usually have to press down on that little connector right

3:34up there at the top

3:35In order to release it. So those are your most common types of fiber optic

3:40connectors

0:00Alright, let's take a look here at a validation to summarize everything we've

0:04learned here.

0:05And here in this situation, you need to provide cabling solutions for your

0:09company, provide

0:10the best solution in each of the following scenarios.

0:13All desktop computers will use cables instead of wireless network connections.

0:17The desktop computers are ordinary desktop computers in a typical office

0:21environment.

0:22You have switches which are capable of up to 1 gigabit per second, which type

0:26of cable

0:26would be best in this situation.

0:30Let's start with shielded twisted pair copper.

0:33Well, that would work, but we haven't really discussed anything or shown

0:37anything in this

0:38scenario where there's electromagnetic interference or a real need to use STP,

0:44and that's more

0:44expensive.

0:45So since this is an ordinary desktop computer in a typical office environment,

0:50that does

0:51not seem like the right solution.

0:53Fiberoptic single mode.

0:55Now, remember fiber is used for extremely high speed.

0:58Normally, desktop computers in an ordinary desktop computer typical office

1:02environment,

1:02you're not going to need that.

1:04That one might be the case in certain other situations, but any of these fiber

1:08solutions

1:08is not likely to the correct answer.

1:10However, unshielded twisted pair is inexpensive, perfectly capable of a gigabit

1:15per second

1:15with modern cable, and that should be a good answer for you.

1:20Your company has a factory floor where there are a number of heavy, heavy

1:23machinery, manufacturing,

1:25devices.

1:26These machines emit quite a lot of electromagnetic interference.

1:29You have instructed to use an inexpensive solution as possible.

1:35I'll reword that in the final.

1:37Which type of network cable should you use here?

1:39You get the idea.

1:40We're trying to bypass or protect ourselves against electromagnetic

1:45interference, but

1:46we also want an inexpensive solution.

1:49All right.

1:50Unshielded twisted pair would sync us.

1:52That would be very susceptible to EMI.

1:54We don't want to use that at all.

1:57Anything that's fiber is going to be more expensive.

1:59It's not susceptible to electromagnetic interference, but it's expensive.

2:03Shielded twisted pair copper would be protected against EMI, and it would be

2:09the less expensive

2:10of these three bottom options.

2:12So there's your answer.

2:14Now, your company headquarters is a large multi building campus.

2:18Some of the buildings are separated by more than 100 meters.

2:21The fastest possible connection between all buildings and cost is not a

2:26significant factor.

2:27I don't know what's going on.

2:29I'm using voice texting for a lot of my typing, because of my whole get up

2:34right here.

2:36So that's probably why some of this looks kind of weird.

2:38I'll reword this so it makes better sense.

2:40Anyway, I think you get the idea.

2:41What type of cable would be ideal in this situation?

2:44So the key idea is here, multi building campus.

2:48The buildings are separated by more than 100 meters.

2:51Remember there's a network cable type that has a maximum of 100 meters.

2:55So if we're going more than that, we need something different.

2:58The fastest possible connection between all and cost is not a significant

3:01factor.

3:02All right.

3:03So let's take a look at anything that says coax.

3:05This is what looks like your TV cables.

3:07No, we don't want that.

3:08Remember that's old, slower.

3:11It's just not a good solution in almost any context anymore.

3:14So anything that says coax, we're going to rule out immediately.

3:17Mobile mode fiber, that's useful for up to kilometers.

3:21It's very often used for television, internet backbones, things like this.

3:27And it would do this solution.

3:29However, when it's more dedicated towards this type of a solution would be a

3:32multi mode

3:33fiber.

3:34Remember we use that in server rooms and in between buildings and on a big

3:39campus, that

3:40sort of thing.

3:41So multi mode fiber is most likely a better solution for you in that context.

3:46OK, I will try to clean up some of the wording on some of these.

3:49Hopefully you got what I was trying to say.

3:51And I will see you in the next skill where we talk about wireless networking.